Operational Systems in Early Years Essay Example for Free

Operational Systems in Early Years Essay Structure of the day is one operational system that needs to be in place within an early years setting. This is because, it allows the setting to run smoothly as everyone knows what they need to do and when. Operational systems and financial systems are important elements of a business plan which enable a service to run efficiently. There are many operational systems and financial systems involved in a service. Task 2: Structure of the day: There are many ways in which this operational system impact on early years or play works services. It allows everyone to know their roles and what they need to do throughout the day. This will allow the service to run smoothly as people will not be wondering what needs to be done and things will then get done correctly instead of being left. Due to this, things like forms for the amount children eat and their behaviour will also be carried out correctly as there will be a designated member of staff who has to fill in the paper work for the room they are working in by the end of the day. If the setting has structured the day well enough then the member of staff will have time to write up the information as it comes instead of doing it all at the end of the day. This is because, if the practitioner leaves it until the end of the day, they may forget important bits of information and therefore will not be able to report back to parents correctly. This operational system also helps to keep the organised. However, there are a few problems with this operational system. If a member of staff rings in sick then it may be hard to find cover and therefore, the structure of the day will be jeopardised. Due to this, the day will not run smoothly as there will not be enough members of staff in the setting, meaning that everyone will be panicking and jobs and paperwork will not get done correctly. Especially if the member of staff who has rang in sick is designated with important jobs for that day. It may also be the case that other people are unaware of how to carry out the member of staff jobs and therefore, they will not get done until that member of staff comes into work. If some job roles are linked together, i.e. paperwork then this could also mean that other jobs cannot get done. As a result, the structure of the day will be ruined and the setting will not run smoothly. For this operational system to work effectively there needs to be correct effective communication in place. However, if this does not happen then this operational system wills no work. Health and safety: This operational system has a huge impact on early years or play works services, and it is very important to keep a service running smoothly and effectively. However, there are many positive and negatives points to this operational system. It keeps staff, children, visitors and anyone who may enter or work in the service safe. This happens as the operational system will include task like carrying out a risk assessment daily to reduce the risk of hazards and anyone getting injured. Due to this, the system can be made suitable to the specific setting as each setting may have different hazards. Also, each setting has different health and safety requirements; this is why it is important to have an operation system to each individual service so it fits in correctly and will work appropriately. This system will outline the procedures the staffs need to know and follow to abide to the healthy and safety rules. Due to the setting making them themselves, they will be able to make them simple enough for everybody to understand and follow. This will ensure that the healthy and safety within the setting will be followed correctly and there will be a reduced risk of people getting hurt. Members of staff will also be aware of what to do if a child falls poorly whilst attending the setting. Another positive is that it will give the staff, parents and children a sense of security as they will know they are safe and are able to relax. Therefore, there will not be any one getting stressed, worried or frustrated at the thought that someone might get hurt, as all hazards should have been removed to reduce the chance of this happening. On the other hand, there are also negative points about health and safety as an operational system. This is because, it can be quite time consuming for the setting to create, therefore this may be taking up members of staff valuable time that needs to be spent else where. Due to this, another part of the setting may not run as it should, for example, lunch time. There may not be enough members of staff helping out at that time if some are busy creating and readjusting the operational system. Also, to add to the time of creating it, someone needs to take the time to review the system and add or take away things when it needs updating. This could be very costly to the service because they will have to pay for things like the system to be printed, staff training on the different systems, and health and safety is a big system for staff to become knowledgeable about. Security of the building: The main impact that security of the building has on early years or play work services, is that it keeps everyone safe. Settings will have equipment installed to ensure that only the correct people are entering the building, for example, they may have a bell or a password on the main entrance door, and other doors are only able to be opened from the inside. This also means that they are able to adapt the building however they need. Some nurseries may have to have walls, gates or fences built around their outdoor play area. However, some building may not have to do this as there is already a wall there. Due to this, the setting will also be able to install equipment that will be suitable to the children’s needs. Some settings may have high door handles that the children cannot reach so they can’t let themselves out or open the door and get their fingers trapped in it. A sense of security will also be built up in the setting as everyone will be aware that it is secure and safe. This may also make parents feel better leaving their child at the setting. However, like any operational system, this one also has negatives aspects. Finding a good quality company to get the equipment off and for them to install it may become difficult. A setting will need a reliable company who is willing to come out at late notice when possible to install equipment. The setting also needs to be able to find a company that has their equipment at a reasonable price or else it may become very expensive for the setting. If a good quality company cannot be found, then equipment could be faulty putting the staff, children and visitors safety at risks. It could also then take a long time for the setting to be able to get the equipment fixed, causing problems and unneeded stress. As some equipment might be seen as good, there are also some impractical equipment, for example, if the setting has a bell for people to get in, it may be too loud and then wake up the children who are trying to sleep. Task 3: Within an early years or play work setting there is an operation system for the management and ordering of supplies. One current operational system that I have witnessed was at my primary school. Each classroom teacher recorded the supplies that they might need throughout the term, including books, pencils, paint, games, and work sheets and so on. Once they had done this, they then had to send their list to the lady in the office who would record what supplies the teachers requested onto an ordering form. She would also keep a record of what each teacher asked for so everyone could have the correct stuff. When it came to ordering things like food for school dinners, this was the chef’s responsibility. Each morning, the classroom teacher would ask each child who was having hot dinners what they would like, and there would be a meat and a vegetarian option. From this the chef would then be able to cook the correct amount of food each day. To order fresh food, the chef would do this once a week handing the order list to the office. However, with things like tin food, this would be brought in bulk at the beginning of each half term. For cleaning equipment, the head cleaner would create the ordering form to give to the office and this would include providing cleaning wipes for tables outside each classroom and soap for the toilets and so on. When it comes to the management of the operational system, this is down to the lady in the office as she is the one who rings through to the companies and places the orders and makes a time and date in which everything can be delivered. She keeps a record of past orders to make sure they are roughly ordering the same things each time an order is put in. This will help financial budgets as well. I do believe that the schools ordering of supplies operational system works effectively. The operational system is working well because there is someone to monitor what is being ordered and manage the system. This helps so staffs are aware who to send their order form to, if there are any problems then there is also someone that they can approach to try and solve the issue. All staff is able to put in an ordering form so nothing gets missed and the person in charge is then able to check the orders to ensure that staff are not spending too much money and are being realistic so the school can afford it. The school order supplies at realistic times to ensure that they do not run out of things they need especially things like hot dinners for the children. As a school, they have built up a good relationship with their suppliers and in time of need they can get a next delivery if something drastic happens. Another good point about this operational system is that the person, who manages it, also manages the financial records meaning that they will have a good understanding of what is coming in and going out. They will also be knowledgeable of how to make orders and will know appropriate times in which it can be delivered. however, the only problem is, if the member of staff who always puts the orders through is off work due to sickness, holiday or anything then it could mean that the school do not get there order through on time as know one else will know how to do. Therefore it would be a good idea for them to allow another member of staff knows how to do it so they can make an order if needs be. Schools need financial resources to function. School finances should be carefully managed according to regulations. Financial summaries provide information about the flow of a school’s financial resources, both into the school (income or revenue) and out of the school (expenditure). Financial records within the school are kept within the management office together with all supporting documents, e.g. receipts, invoices, bills and payment records. Access to financial records is restricted to the head teacher and member of staff in charge of the finance. The school has to keep their financial records for a minimum of 5 years. Financial records are kept both on the computer and in filing cabinets. The school has a spreadsheet on the computer in which everything they have to pay for is listed and all the incoming money is also listed. The financial records that are kept in the filing cabinet include things like receipts for orders, and things that they cannot put on the computer. Receipts allow the school to look back to ensure that the money going out is the same as the receipts for things that they have brought. The school has to record their financial income and expenditure. Income that the school records include: school fees, renting out facilities, donations, local community, government and expenditure that the school record includes: construction/repairs, equipment, and rental of premises, teacher salaries, school meals, electricity, telephone, water and maintenance. The school uses the financial summaries to monitor, verify and control the financial position of the school. Bibliography: Gill Squire. (2007): BTEC National Diploma Childrens Care Learning Development: Essex

Family Day Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family Day When I was around 6, I had gotten out of church wearing my nice church clothes with a tie, shoes, dressy pants, and a blazer. I was with my mom, dad, brother, and sister, who all had on church clothes too. My sister had the same things my mom had on, a black long skirt with an expensive white shirt. My brother and dad had on the same thing too: black shoes, navy blue pants, black bowtie and white shirt. I was the only one with a blazer on. My siblings and I were really happy we all went to church together, so I guess my dad was happy because of that, but he had a tired look on his face too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After church, my parents decided we should go to the botanical gardens and spend the rest of the day there. My dad had an old Chevy that sounded pretty good; it got us where we needed to go. It had some rust on the edges here and there, but all and all it was a good running car. The inside smelled like pine because my dad washed the car that mourning and he always bought a freshener to make it smell like that. I never knew why he liked that smell because I hated it; it always got me sick in that car, but today I didn’t mind because we were going to have a fun time in the Botanical Gardens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Botanical Gardens had a parking lot in front but you had to pay to get in. My dad was too cheap to pay, so he just parked it outside th...

Apple: the Company’s Visions and Objectives Essay

Apple’s Vision was the Macintosh that was called â€Å"digital hub† that isa popular model of computer introduced in 1984, that features a graphical user interface ( GUI) that utilizes windows, icons, and a mouse to make it relatively easy for novices to use the computer productively. Rather than learning a complex set of commands, that wasonly need point to a selection on a menu and click a mouse button. Moreover, the GUI is embedded into the operating system. This means that all application that run on a Macintosh computer have a similar user interface. Once a user has become familiar with one application, he or she can learn new applications relatively easily. The success of the Macintosh GUI heralded a new age of graphics-based applications and operating systems. The Windows interface copies many features from the Mac. There are many different Macintosh models, with varying degrees of speed and power. All models are available in many different configurations. All models since 1994 are based on the PowerPC microprocessor. They believed had a real advantage for consumers who were becoming entrenched in a digital lifestyle. Also, digital cameras, portable music players, and digital camcorders. That they though could be the preferred hub to control integrate, and add value to the devices. Also to control of both hardware and software.Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings. Apple’s Mission Was to bring an easy-to use computer to market, which led release of the Apple II in 1978. Also, Apple is committed to protecting the environment, health and safety of their employees, customers and the global communities where they operate. They can offer technologically innovative products and services while conserving and enhancing recourses for future generations. Goals:The goal was to differentiate the Macintosh amid intense competition in the PC industry. And state of affairs, or a state of concrete activity, which an organization or system wishes to achieve or obtain. Objective Is the plan, to involve and implement actions which must be taken to close the gap between the current realities and the ideal state?Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS, PC CPU, MP3 , iPhone 4, 4s , iPad, and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and has recently introduced iPad which is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices. Corporation Governance:Agency Theory: Was in 1981 when the IBM introduced the IBM PC to the market that used Microsoft’s DOS and a microprocessor (CPU), by that apple practice integration and refused to license its hardware to third parties. But IBM gained more market share and also emerged a new for the industry more than Apple. That was when apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984 that was easy to use with industrial design and elegance, but the processor was slow in speed and that lack of compatibility on sale, and Apple net income fell 62 % between the years 1981 and 1984, and sending the Apple Company into a crisis. That contributed with the job was forced out in the 1985 even his called himself as a soul of the company. After that the boardroom hired John Sculley, who was recognized for his marketing skills. He was in the company for 8 years from 1985 to 1993, who pushed the mac in the new market where the Apple was driven by its best software, such page Market, and peripheral with laser printers. Also in education Apple grabbed more than haft the market. With that Apple recovered and stabilized around 8% in share worldwide, and in 1990 Apple sale $1 billion dollars in cash and was cognized at the most profitable PC company in the world. Stewardship Theory: In the years of Sculley, the Apple Company offered to the customers a better offer by a completed desktop solution ever that was included hardware, software, and simply plug and play. Also the company designing unique chips, disk drive, and monitors. He demonstrated his interest on the company success. And interest in customer’s satisfaction, Apple was selling its products at a premium price.This time Macs had more than $10,000, and gross profit around anadvantageous 50%. Sarbanes –Oxley: That was applied in the years 2010 and 2011 when the patent wars started with competition in the smartphone industry, where everyone sued everyone. Where creative companies begindisappears or never gets start. Apple litigated against Android, HTC, and Samsung. Also Apple turnaround in 1997 when jobs reshape Apple and announced that they would invest $ 150 million in Apple and made five years develop core products, like MS Office for the mac. By satisfy about 99% of customers and again job refused to license the latest mac. Also, the company 15 product lines were divided in only four categories that were desktop, portable Macintoshes, for customers and professionals. Another improvement that job did was to hire Taiwanese contract to manufacture mac products. Therefore, in 1998 Apple had a website direct sale for the first time. Corporation Social Responsibility: News of Steve Jobs’ death sent shockwaves through the technology industry, a world that he, in large part, shaped with his career. Apple’s executives are now left with the challenge of how to lead a company, whose identity has been inextricably linked to Jobs’ for decades. The task is formidable, especially when Apple’s fanatically loyal customer base is considerably less certain about what to expect from CEO Tim Cook. That is partly because Apple’s culture of secrecy and Jobs’ visibility have combined to make Cook relatively unknown to the public at large. The uncertainty is compounded by the fact that earlier attempts to replace Jobs proved disastrous.Until now, Jobs seems to be the only one to have had that special chemistry required for running Apple.What makes leading Apple difficult to maintain is the fact that the company is not selling a product as much as it is a vision, the founder’s vision. Apple products were well built and beautiful to look at. According to recent media coverage, it would seem that Apple is interested in developing a new vision, one which includes Corporation Social Responsibility. Jobs never showed much interest in public ‘do-gooding.’ He always maintained that equipping the public with the best technology is worth more than cash grants to charities. But Cook announced that Apple would embrace a new corporate charity matching program, using a model much like those of other major companies a dollar for dollar match for employee donations of up to $10,000 a year. Cook clearly wants to send the message that Apple is evolving in the way it perceives Corporation Social Responsibility, a major differentiating factor between himself and his charismatic predecessor. However, the decision curiously followed media allegations regarding Apple’s lack of Corporation Social Responsibility activities, including a New York Times article mentioning matching as a solution employed by a considerable porti on of the Fortune 500 companies.Apple still needs to embrace the core values that make it a â€Å"cool† company in short, that owning an Apple product secure membership in a select group. While Apple is perhaps overdue for a Corporation Social Responsibility strategy, the decision to enact donation matching is decidedly not the â€Å"Apple Way. Cook is only responding to media pressure rather than bringing to Corporation Social Responsibility the same kind of innovative and inspiring vision for which Apple is so highly regarded. And in that regard, the corporate matching program is a fail.Developing a Corporation Social Responsibility strategy around neither a sense of obligation nor calculation but rather around certain well defined character virtues is highly effective. In particular, integrity, empathy and zeal, among others, are critical during times of Uncertaintythey need to be well coordinated and implemented from the inside,out not the other way around. Integrity: Any major organizational change is accompanied by insecurity. The transition from Jobs’ approach to hiring and firing is bound to create uncertainty among employees, and in corporate environments uncertainty inevitably creates pernicious maneuvering and second guessing at middle management levels. The new Corporation Social Responsibility initiatives should present both the company and its new CEO with a unique opportunity to promote an image of integrity and to differentiate the new leadership from that of the Jobs era. However, philanthropy is not a good place to start. It should start from inside, promoting trust and openness, the internal integrity. Empathy: Empathy creates emotional bonding between the company and stakeholders allowing companies to endure a difficult time. Apple is currently embroiled in lawsuits that are likely to restrict consumer choices in the future if it carries on. Publishers are frustrated by Apple’s hammerlock over apps and magazine subscriptions on the iPad. There have been indications that Samsung, Apple’s most threatening competitor, angered by patent law suits, will finally fight back to counter sue Apple. While from Apple’s point of view, taking legal action against competitors may seem necessary as a means of protecting innovation, public opinion works differently. For multinational companies the legal victory can often end with a kind of zero sum game, leaving it with a reputation for arrogance and insecurity. Apple will have to worry about its reputation all the more so if it wins the battles against competitors. Even more telling, the suicides at China’s manufacturing behemoth, Foxconn, have created the uncomfortable impression that â€Å"cool† products like the iPad are being produced by what amounts to economic slave labor. This is decidedly â€Å"uncool† and not the image that Apple wants to portray. Zeal: Zeal is perhaps the virtue most-embedded at Apple’s core and is represented by their continuous innovation and excitement in terms of products and customer experience. By emphasizing Corporation Social Responsibility, Tim Cook would need to bring that famous Apple zeal to social issues, offering an innovative approach, as competitor Google did, when it famously began encouraging its employees to spend 20% of their time on their own projects. It goes without saying that Cook and Apple are standing at a precipice. Product innovations can be short-lived. A serious Corporation Social Responsibility strategy could quietly shift Apple’s sales pitch from personal charisma to the great public good, doing Apple good in the long term. The leaders of innovative organizations that undergo the uncertainty that comes with change, would be wise to promote both integrity and empathy internally, thus ensuring that zeal continues to inspire consumers throughout their tenure and for years to come. External Factors In 1980, Apple became the PC industry leader selling more than 100,000 Apple IIs and launching a successful IPO. However, Apple’s competitive position changed fundamentally in 1981 when IBM entered the PC market. Apple’s ignorance to the industrial changes caused them to lose major PC market share by 62% sending the company into a crisis. Apple manages its business on geographic locations having offices in New York, Europe, Japan, and Asia. Apple’s sales are continuously growing. In the past decades the PC industry has evolved into the proprietary system and the open system. Let’s review Apple’s position in each phase. Proprietary Systems before 1981 Every PC producer had to develop their own hardware and software. It was proprietary, one that possesses, owns, or holds exclusive right to something. There were two mainstreams in the market, Apple style machine and IBM style machines. During this period, Apple was the leader selling more than 100,000 Apple IIs and launching a successful IPO. Its strong developing ability made the Apple brand a family commodity. Introduction of the â€Å"Open† System 1981-1997 IBM offered an â€Å"open† system in which other producers could clone causing competitors such as Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell to enter the market while Apple continued to practice limitability with a horizontal and vertical integration relying on its own proprietary designs. It was during this time that producers started separating hardware into CPUs (Central Processing Units), mother boards, disk drive, and other peripheral items. This change caused consumers to not only care about hardware performance, but also about software applications. IBM machines with Intel CPU and Windows Operating systems became the mainstream. IBM PCs not only gained more market share, but also emerged as the new standard for the industry. Apple continued to lose market share because corporate insisted on selling the products at a premium price and not upgrading its hardware and software to be compatible with IBM machines. Apple responded by introducing the Macintosh and entering new markets – desktop publishing and education- in 1984. It marked a breakthrough in ease of use, industrial design, and technical elegance. However the Mac’s slow processor speed and lack of compatible software limited sales. Apple’s desktop market was driven by its superior software and offered customers a complete desktop solution which allowed for simple â€Å"plug and play†. In education, they grabbed more than half the market, which is safe to say, helped Apple recover and stabilize bringing in revenue of $1 billion. Micro-Environment Micro-Environment is actors or elements in an organization’s immediate area of operations that affect its performance and decision making freedom. This environment can be explained using Porter’s five forces; –Rivalry among existing firms –Threat of substitute products –Bargaining power of buyers –Bargaining power of suppliers –Threat of new entrants As a computer producer company, Apple is faced with many strategic issues; Surviving competition, responding to technology innovation and continuous market needs. The technology industry can be considered to be monopolistic competition which is characterized by having a large number of competitors and gaining easy access into the industry due to low entry barriers. Supplier bargaining position is very strong due to a small number of existing processor suppliers, example Intel and AMD. Customer bargaining position is also strong due to low searching and switching costs. Both of these characteristics constrain companies in the industry. As a result, the market becomes saturated and fragmented which makes for only a small market share gained by every company. There are a lot of competitors offering similar products to Apple for example, Windows tablet, Samsung, Kindle, etc., with only little difference in features and design. Macro-Environment Macro Environment is defined as the major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organization’s decision making and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic factors, demographics, political, social conditions technological changes and natural forces. Specific examples of macro environment influences include competitors, changes in interest rates, and changes in cultural tastes. Technological Forces The main force that influences the computer industry is rapid and sustained technical progress. Each year, integrated circuits and other technological components become better, faster, and cheaper providing opportunities to improve on existing computers as well as designing a new one. Apple is strongly affected by technology innovation forces surrounding it. Rapid innovation on hardware by component producers, for example Intel & AMD and software by competitors (Microsoft) gives Apple no choice but to grasp and possibly enhance the new hardware technology and also continue innovating to sustain differentiation. Microsoft which dominates the operating system producer for Intel based computers is a main competitor for Apple. Microsoft releases new versions of Windows every two (2) years creating pressure for Apple to upgrade MacOS as well. Political forces With China joining the WTO creates opportunity as well as threats to Apple. Lower investment barrier and market barrier gives opportunities for Apple to take advantage of low cost labor as well as getting potential market. However, on the other hand, similar opportunities exist to competitors. When competitors move its plant into China and become more efficient, Apple has to respond or they will experience cost inefficiency disadvantage over competitors. Social Forces Different and dynamic change of needs and lifestyle requires Apple to continuously innovate to adapt. Consumer’s tastes, lifestyles, and needs are rapidly changing. Apple has also been criticized by many environmental organizations for not being a leader in removing toxic chemicals from its new products. Because of the social pressure regarding environmental issues, Apple has to invest in R&D to become environmentally friendly. The collaboration of Political, Economic, Social and Technological forces creates an intricate environment. Apple has to keep in step with new technology, innovate to be different, and continually modify to its customer needs and demands. The instantaneous changes in technology and low entry barrier cause the durability of Apple products to become obsolete.

Solar Winds and Lightning Strikes

When you go outdoors for play or work, it probably never occurs to you that the lovely yellow Sun that heats and warms our planet is also responsible for a whole raft of other actions that affect us and our planet. Its true — and without the Sun we wouldnt have the beauty of the northern and southern lights, or — as it turns out — some of the lightning strikes that come during thunderstorms. Lightning strikes?   Really? Lets take a look at how that might be a solar effect. The Sun-Earth Connection The Sun is a somewhat active star. It regularly sends out giant outbursts called solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The material from these events rides out from the Sun on the solar wind, which is a constant stream of energetic particles called electrons and protons. When those charged particles get to Earth, some interesting things can happen.   First, they encounter Earths magnetic field, which protects the surface and lower atmosphere from the solar wind by deflecting the energetic particles around the planet. Those particles DO interact with the topmost layers of the atmosphere, often creating northern and southern lights. If the solar storm is strong enough, our technology can be affected — telecommunications, GPS satellites, and electrical grids — can be disrupted or even shut down.   What About the Lightning? When these charged particles   have enough energy to penetrate down into the cloud-forming regions of the Earths atmosphere, they can affect our weather.  Scientists found evidence that some lightning strikes on Earth may well be triggered by energetic particles from the Sun that reach our planet via the solar wind. They measured significant increases in lightning rates across Europe (for example) that occurred for up to 40 days after the arrival of particles carried by high-speed solar winds.   Nobodys quite sure how this works, but scientists are working to understand the interactions. Their data show that electrical properties of the air are somehow changed as the incoming charged particles collide with the atmosphere. Can Solar Activity Help Weather Prediction? If you could predict an increase in lightning strikes by using solar wind streams, that would be a real boon to weather forecasters. Since the solar wind can be tracked by spacecraft, having advance knowledge of solar wind storms would give weather forecasters a significant  chance to warn people about upcoming thunder and lightning storms and their severity. It turns out that astronomers have long known that cosmic rays, which are tiny high-speed particles from across the universe have been thought to play a part in severe weather on Earth. The ongoing studies of charged particles and lightning shows that lower-energy particles created by our own Sun also affect lightning. This is related to a phenomenon called space weather which is defined as geomagnetic disturbances caused by solar activity.   It can affect us here on Earth and in near-Earth space.  This new edition of the Sun-Earth connection, lets astronomers and weather forecasters learn more about both space weather and Earth weather. How Did Scientists Figure This Out? The record lightning strikes over Europe was compared with data from NASAs Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft, which lies between the Sun and the Earth and measures the characteristics of solar winds. It is one of NASAs workhorse space weather and solar activity observatories. After the arrival of the  solar wind at the Earth, the researchers showed there was an average of 422 lightning strikes across the UK in the following 40 days, compared to an average of 321 lightning strikes in the 40 days before the solar winds arrival. They noted that the rate of lightning strikes peaked between 12 and 18 days after the arrival of the solar wind. Long-term studies of the connection between the Suns activity and Earthly thunderstorms should give scientists useful tools not just for understanding the Sun, but also to help predict storms here at home.

Computer Security As A Critical Problem For Computer Systems

ABSTRACT Over the past decade computer networks have rapid growth, but the computer security became a critical problem for computer systems. Thus in the recent years various soft computing technique based methods were proposed to detects the growth of intrusion. Also many researchers have reported that the large set of pattern classifications and machine learning algorithms are trained and testing is made on the knowledge discovery data intrusion detection dataset is unsuccessful in finding the remote-to-local attacks and user-to root attacks. Moreover Hyperbolic Hopfield Neural Network(HHNN) based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) detection stability, detection ratio, particularly low-frequent attacks are still required to be improved. Thus this paper proposes a new method known as K-Medoids-HNNN using the technique HHNN and K-Medoids clustering. This system achieves the higher intrusion detection rate, detection stability and less false positive rate. At first the proposed system implements the K-Medoids clustering technique on the various training subsets. Afterwards a mono HHNN model is trained using the different training subsets to detect the intrusion. The experimental results shows the K-Medoids-HHNN approach achieve better results rather than other framework. Keywords: Network Security, Intrusion Detection System, Hyperbolic Hopfield Neural Network, K-Medoids Clustering approach 1. INTRODUCTION In the last decades, the computer network systems are veryShow MoreRelatedSecurity And Risks Of Information Systems Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pages Most significant IS security and risk issues Information systems have developed rapidly over time and are being relied by more people. With the increasing reliability of Information Systems, businesses have adopted them a lot. Companies or businesses using Information System have an advantage in competitiveness and efficiency (Hilton, 2013). 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In order to lower the risks of physical and cyber-attacks, nuclear facilities are adopting strict protection policy and practices. Despite the implementation of these safety measures, digital instruments and computer-b ased systems associated with physical protection system and control system inside the facilities can stillRead MoreSecuring And Protecting Information Protection1449 Words   |  6 Pagescommodity that individuals and global corporations use to grow financially, economically, and independently. The protection and security of the information is essential. One of the most vital foundations of protection information is the authentication process. The authentication process is utilized to protect computer and network systems against various types of security threats, such as password-cracking tools, password dictionary attacks, mistreatment of user access rights, and any potential unauthorizedRead MorePresident Reagan Signed Into Law A National Security Decision Directive1344 Words   |  6 Pages 1984 President Reagan signed into law a national security decision directive, NSDD-145, titled â€Å"National Policy on Telecommunications and Automated Information System Security†. Even at that time, the government officials understood that computers were susceptible to interception, unauthorized electronic access, and related form of technical espionage and exploitation. 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An Example Of Experiencing Fear - 1126 Words

Reflection #3 : Emotions Here’s an example of experiencing fear. You’re walking alone in the middle of night and you begin to hear footsteps mimicking your own pace and going in the same direction as yours, so your heart and thoughts begin to race, and you start speeding up. You’d like to run away as fast as possible but you don’t know if you should start running or not because you don’t know if the footsteps are indeed following you. The process of experiencing an emotion is simple. It first starts with an event or situation that we react to. Then we appraise (evaluate) that event or situation and if it’s deemed relevant an emotional response begins to occur. In addition, appraisal isn’t always a conscious process, most of the time it happens in an instant and automatically. The process of appraisal stimulates an emotional response which consists of physiological, behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes. Once these emotional responses occur, they can be reappraised to experience new emotions in attempt to regulate the emotion. For instance, the emotion of fear can be reappraised into embarrassment after you find out that the person following you was just heading towards the same destination as you were and they were just as scared because something creeped them out. The emotion of fear is a basic emotion along with disgust, anger, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Changing the emotion of fear into an emotion like embarrassment is considered a self-conscious emotionShow MoreRelatedClassifications for Anxiety Disorders Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesAre you or do you know someone, experiencing panic attacks or anxiety attacks? If so, it is important to be familiar with what these terms mean. Individuals frequently use panic and anxiety together, however; there are significant differences in the two and understanding the difference will make it easier to comprehend the relationship. 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Research in Criminology Project

Question: Discuss about theResearch in Criminology Project. Answer: Chapter One: Introduction Background Authority- The term that enables most of people obey without asking any question. When we see a person who seems to hold an authority or a powerful designation (like wearing a uniform) or a particular getup for instance a woman holding a baby and we may never ever think to question that woman may not in fact be a mother to that baby. Research Question So why is that authority so important? What makes people so easily to accept what an authorized person is saying? Chapter Two: Literature Review In a study done by Hajo Adam, Adam D. Galinsky (Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois, 2006) they concluded that clothes can have an immense psychological effect of the viewer as well as the wearer? Inspired by this, a Dutch photographer Herlinde Koebl clicked several pictures of people in two ways- their "work clothing" and their "casual clothing". Here we can easily see how a uniform can bring a dramatic change in viewer's eye for the knowledge and power they possess. This approach seems particularly well suited for participant's reaction limited to uniforms or on professional clothing. In this project, I will explore how people response to something regardless of the uniform someone is wearing. In particular I will focus on how people response when someone verbally tells them their designation. How their verbal identity can influence participants opinion. Such a study should give an insight to understand human behaviour and the factors that trigger their responses in varying situations. It will also help us understand to what extent a human can feel authoritative or feel the pressure of completing a task when given by a superior authority. Chapter Three: Research Methodology With the help of two more people I will conduct my study over different locations at Langara College. This team includes 2 girls, one in her early 20s who will play the role of a student and other in her late 20s who will be assigned the role of an instructor. Participants- Random students of Langara College will be used as participants. There will be no consents given to them as they will be observed on their instant reactions. Plot Each of the team members will act like an instructor teaching at Langara and a student studying at Langara. They will randomly choose any student from the crowd and ask them to handover a note to a student. As per the plot, the team members will tell the participants that is I s really important for that student to get his notebook because all his lecture notes are written down in it and he needs to go through it for the midterm. Both the instructor and student have to leave the campus because of an emergency and they can't wait for him. Here, I will be acting as one the students standing nearby pretending to be busy with my own things. Duration Over a period of week, weekdays from Monday to Friday. On each day the experiment will be tested on over 4-6 participants. It will approximately take 10 minutes to 20 minutes on a single participant. Focus My primary focus will be on observing how many participants agree to take the responsibility of handing over the notebook in each case i.e. if it is given by instructor or by the student. Chapter Four: Results Throughout my observation, I witnessed how authority shapes the behaviour of the students with respect to handing over a note to the student. My acknowledgement is that the instructor is in this case a symbol of authority while the student is an inferior participant. The results showed that students who were instructed by the instructor handed over the notes to their fellow students. However, the students that were instructed by their fellow student disobeyed the instructions and rushed out escaping the emergence. This results can, therefore, be summarized in the table below. Table 1: Summary of Observations No of student Instructor Handed Over Notes Never hand over Notes Teacher (authority figure) 12 1 Student 1 17 From the above table, it is clear that only one student disobeyed the authoritys verbal instruction to handover the notes to the student and rushed out to run due to the emergency. It can also be observed that only one student obeyed the fellow students instructions and handed over the book. Again, it is clear that more students (12) obeyed the teacher (authority figure) verbal instructions to hand over the notes despite the emergency. On the other hand, more students (17) disobeyed the fellow students instructions to handover the notes to the colleagues. Chapter Five: Analysis And Discussion The bottom line is that students tend to be more obedient to their teachers that fellow students. They will always comply with the commands issued by an authority figure, in this case, the teacher. As indicated by Stanley Milgram (1960) obedience study, people have a firm tendency to comply with authority figures. This explains why the students in this study chose to hand over the notes to the students despite the emergency so long as the command arose from the teacher (McLeod, 2007). The reason is that student obey their teachers and can do anything once commanded. Some students have reported that the fear of being punished by authority have triggered their behaviours. As noted by Stanley (1960) study on the effects of punishment on learning, the authority figure has an undue influence of the subjects. In the similar manner that Stanley (1960) saw teachers administering highest level shock to punish those student who fail to obey to make them do as commanded, this study affirms this act where despite the emergency, students handed over the notes to others as a result of authority figures command. The students in the present study acted in this manner since they were under pressure to do so from the authority figure. The study has noted that there are certain factors that enhance obedience. The first condition is when the command is issued by authority figure instead of the student. For instance, in the current study, it was observed clearly that student had to obey their teacher unlike their fellow student. This account for the high number of students handing over the notes at plot to their fellow student when commanded by the teacher. The obedience is also high where the experiments are performed in a prestigious institution which was the case of the current study. Moreover, it is more intense when the authority figure is present in the room alongside the subjects as witnessed in this study. It is also profound where the subject do observe other subject disobeying the authority figure. Authority obedience has always been related to the need to get reward, prevent negative consequence of disobeying as well as belief that authority is legitimate. In extremist conditions, people have also obeyed the authority when they are needed to violate their individual values or commit crimes. From this, study the reasons why people carry obedience to the extreme ends have been discovered. One of these reasons is that people tend to justify their obedience by assigning responsibility to the authority instead of themselves. People will also carry obedience to the extreme because they define the behaviour which is anticipated to them as a routine. They will also obey at extreme end because they do not want to become rude or offend the authority. Also, authority has been obeyed at the extreme situation since people tend to obey the easy commands initially and subsequently feel forced to obey the more and more complex commands. This is a process dubbed entrapment, and it demonstrates the foot-in-the door context of phenomenon. The authority works on the basis of a group in the lens of social psychologists. This is because a group is considered as one that is composed of two or additional people that interact as well as depend on one another in a given manner. For example, in this case students and teachers can be considered as a group. This is because they interact through teaching and learning. The students, therefore, depend on the teachers to give them knowledge while the teacher is dependent on students to get opportunity to earn money and even become promoted. In the current study, we saw that the instructor and the student gives verbal instruction once a student is picked at random and check whether he will obey the instructions and handover the notes. From the results, it was clear that students that were instructed by the instructor had to handover the notes to the fellow student despite the emergency while those instructed by fellow students disobeyed and left. This is a clear indication of how people respond to something irrespective of the uniform someone wears. Particularly, this instance illustrates how people respond when someone verbally tells them their designation. It shows that the verbal identity of an individual has a great influence on peoples opinion and behaviour. From this example, it is easy to draw an insight in understanding the human behaviour as well as the factors which provoke peoples response in varying contexts. From this observation, it is possible to understand the extent to which a human can feel authoritative and feel pressure of completing a task when provided by a superior authority, in this case instructor. Chapter Six: Conclusion From the results and the analysis and discussion, it is clear that the level of belief that students had on their teacher (authority figure), directly influenced their behaviour to that particular level. This means that the teacher has been placed by students on pedestal and have, therefore, relegated their critical thinking as to what is wrong or right to the authority figure. Authority, therefore, influence everyone in life. This is why despite the emergency, the students had to handover the notes following the verbal instructions by their teacher. However, without putting someone on pedestal, the critical thinking is never relegated to that person as was witnessed when student disobeyed their fellow students verbal instructions and ran away due to emergency (Adam Galinsky, 2012). In this case, the student could distinguish between the right and wrong due to lack of fear of negative consequence of disobeying such an irrational command. From this current study, it was never uniform that was the source of authority but rather, a title (teacher). Title was, therefore, used in this study to influence the perception and hence behaviour of how one (teacher) is viewed by the students. Recommendation The advice is that one should learn to think for oneself as well as to remain more critical where required. An individual should never blindly follow what others say merely because they are viewed as an authority as this might not help or hinder one. There is a need to examine ones own persona values as well as what one feels is right. Everyone should strive to be a lifelong learner to help determine what is right or wrong in every situation one faces. Reference Adam, H., Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Enclothed cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 918-925. Cialdini, R. B. (1984). The psychology of persuasion. New York: Quill William Morrow. Hofling, C. K., Brotzman, E., Dalrymple, S., Graves, N., Pierce, C. M. (2010). An experimental study in nurse-physician relationships. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 143(2), 171-180. McLeod, S. A. (2007). Obedience to Authority. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/obedience.html Milgram, S., Gudehus, C. (1978). Obedience to authority.